Christian Denominations 4: Baptist Church
Publish on February 22,2011홍삼열
Baptist
Church (Romans 14:8-12)
On January
21, 1525, those who called themselves “Brethren” had a secret meeting at the
house of Felix Manz in Zürich, Switzerland. These people had originally been
attracted to and followed the lead of the Swiss reformer, Ulrich Zwingli, but
it was not long before they realized that Zwingli did not want to go as far as
they expected him to in reforming the church. Instead, his plans for reform
seemed to be too much compromised with the agenda of the city council. Since
the city of Zürich needed to prepare itself for the possible attack from the
Catholic forces in neighboring cantons, and this preparation should necessarily
involve not only politics and military strategies but also religion, the city
council actively intervened in church matters and dominated the Protestant
reformation in Zürich.
But
according to the belief of these Swiss Brethren, the secular state should not
intervene in church matters in such a way. There should be a separation of
church and state. And this different viewpoint came to cause a serious problem
when the city council demanded every child to be baptized. The rationale for
this demand was that a holy Christian city could be established only with a
strong political backup and an enforcement of the right doctrine among its
citizens. And since this holy Christian city should include not only adults but
also children as its members, the children should join this Christian city
through Christian baptism, just like the case of Jewish children who underwent
the ceremony of circumcision in the Old Testament times.
The
Brethren, however, could not agree to this logic, because according to their
understanding, the New Testament does not include any clear examples of infant
baptism. All cases of baptism seemed to apply only to adults who publicly
professed their faith in Jesus. But a close reading of the Bible reveals that
there were some cases of infant baptism there. For example, when Lydia was
converted by Paul’s preaching, her entire household was baptized (Acts 16:15).
When the Philippian jailer whom Paul and Silas had converted to the faith was
baptized, all his family was baptized (Acts 16:33). And in his greetings to the
Corinthians, Paul recalled, saying "I did baptize also the household of
Stephanas." (1 Cor. 1:16) In all these cases, whole households or families
were baptized. This means more than just the spouse; the children too were
included. Again when Peter urged people to repent and be baptized in the name
of Jesus Christ, he promised that they would receive the gift of the Holy
Spirit. (Acts 2:38) But he did not restrict this teaching to adults only. He
added in the next verse, "The promise is to you and to your children and
to all that are far off, every one whom the Lord our God calls to him."
Of course,
the Brethren did not accept this kind of explanation. Their basic position was
to accept only those clearly commanded or exemplified in the New Testament and
reject anything that appeared to be "Catholic," so they refused to
have their children baptized. If they had simply stopped there, probably the
situation would not have become so tragic. But they did not only refuse their
children to be baptized; ignoring their own infant baptism, they themselves
re-baptized each other. By this they wanted to proclaim to the city council that
their infant baptism was not valid because they had no capacity to speak for
themselves. So George Blaurock, a former Catholic priest, requested Conrad
Grebel, a lay person, to baptize him in the apostolic fashion, that is, upon
confession of personal faith in Jesus Christ, instead of in the Catholic
fashion of only one baptism in infancy. After Grebel baptized him, Blaurock
proceeded to baptize all the others present, thus was born the Anabaptist
movement, or literally Re-baptist movement. (By the way, at this time and for a
while, their basic way of doing baptism was sprinkling or pouring of water
instead of a full immersion method.) And when the city council learned about
this rebaptism, those Brethren were arrested, imprisoned, and banished, and when
they were found to continue this practice, they were arrested again and
executed.
This
episode, I think, already includes the three important marks of the Baptist
tradition that would fully develop in later years: 1) the Bible as the sole
authority of faith; 2) simplicity of its message and ritual; 3) focus on
personal faith in Jesus.
Let me
explain each of them. First, the Bible as the sole authority of faith. There is
no Christian denomination on earth that would deny the prime authority of the
Bible. If that were the case, it would not be called Christian. But among the
different denominations of Christianity are noticed some variations about the
secondary authorities of faith. In case of the Catholic Church, tradition is
seen as having an authority equal to that of the Bible. In the Anglican Church,
tradition and reason hold their special places below the Bible. Our Methodist
Church emphasizes not only tradition and reason but also experience as
secondary authorities. But the Baptist Church acknowledges only one authority,
that is the Bible. Their typical attitude is that what you do not find in the
Bible, you should not practice it or tell others to practice it.
Then, on
what ground is such a prescription based? It is based on the doctrine of the
inerrancy of the Bible. According to them, the Bible is God’s truth without any
error because it is God-breathed. Based on this understanding, most of the
Baptist Christians take seriously each word of the Bible and believe it
literally, and this is the reason why in many Baptist churches women are not
allowed to be ordained or serve as senior pastors of a church, because 1
Corinthians 14:33 says "Women should remain silent in the churches. They
are not allowed to speak, but must be in submission." We Methodists do not
agree with this way of reading the Bible. Though we also believe that the Bible
is God-inspired, when we talk about it we mean the content of the Bible rather
than the individual letter; we mean its inner meaning rather than the outer
literal meaning. So for right understanding of the Bible, we take
considerations of not only the letter of the text but also its historical,
literary, and cultural context, and focus on its authentic meaning which
sometime goes beyond what the letter says.
In spite of
our disagreement on this issue, however, there is one thing that the Baptist
Christians should be proud of, something that we need to learn from them: they
are avid learners of the Bible. They love to read the Word of God, study it,
and memorize it. I think we need to take seriously the message of Psalm
119:105, "Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path."
I could even say: if one side effect of their doctrine of inerrancy is a rigid,
literal way of understanding the Bible, a major side effect on our part is that
we take such a liberal approach to the Bible that we fail to cherish it as the
compass and guide of our daily life. So I want to encourage us Methodists to
take our Bible seriously that we read it every day, meditate on it every day, and
live our lives according to its teaching.
The second
distinctive mark of the Baptist Church is the simplicity of its message and
ritual. As I have briefly mentioned before, Baptist reformers have
traditionally been more radical than other Protestant reformers. For they
believed that anything that is not explicitly found in the Bible or anything
appearing to be Catholic should be abandoned. So in the Baptist tradition,
there is no high liturgy, no icons, no candles, no robes, even no reciting of
the Lord’s Prayer during worship. Of course, they believe in the Lord’s Prayer;
there is no doubt about it. But they prefer a simple order of worship which
focuses on the reading and preaching of the Word of God.
To speak of
the Baptist preaching, it is characterized by a simple message of salvation. It
always presents clear steps towards it and demands a personal commitment to the
Lord. The best example of this type is the preaching of Billy Graham. He may
not be as poetic or rhetorical as the Anglican or Methodist preachers, but
surely his message is powerful and makes people committed to Christ.
A typical
Baptist message about salvation can be summarized into what they call the
"four spiritual laws." The first law is that God loves us and offers
a wonderful plan for our lives. The biblical verse supporting it is John 3:16,
"God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that whoever
believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life." The second law
is that we are sinful and separated from God, and thus, cannot naturally know
and experience God’s love and plan for our lives. Romans 3:23 explains it:
"All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God." The third law
is that Jesus Christ is God’s only provision for our problem of sin, as Jesus
himself said in John 14:6, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no
one comes to the Father, but through me." But it is not enough just to
know these three laws. The fourth law is absolutely necessary for us to be
saved: the fourth law is that we should individually receive Jesus Christ as
our Savior and Lord. Revelation 3:20 explains this truth: "Behold, I stand
at the door and knock; if any one hears my voice and opens the door, I will
come in to him."
We may think
that this kind of message is too simple to be complete. It seems that salvation
should involve a more elaborate process than this. But I should tell you this.
Truth does not need to be complicated or difficult to be true; to the contrary,
truth is often simple, and this simplicity has such great power of clear
communication and exerts such immediate impact on people’s minds. And I think
the Baptist message, the simple message of salvation, is one major impetus
behind such a rapid growth of the Baptist denomination in this country.
Now let us
turn to the third distinctive mark of the Baptist Church, a focus on personal
faith in Jesus. According to Walter Shurden, a renowned Baptist scholar, the
basic Baptist principles can be condensed into these four freedoms: Bible
freedom, soul freedom, church freedom, and religious freedom. To briefly
explain each of them, Bible freedom means that the individual is free to
interpret the Bible for himself or herself. Soul freedom means that every
person should come to faith not by the parents’ or the society’s decision, but
only by his or her personal decision in response to God. Church freedom means
that each local church should be free from any outside interference in terms of
church governance, policies, worship, ordination of ministers, etc. And lastly,
religious freedom means that the individual is free to choose whether to
practice their religion, another religion, or no religion; separation of church
and state is often called the “civil corollary” of this religious freedom.
To summarize
these four freedoms in one sentence, it would be like this: as far as the issue
of faith and salvation is concerned, what matters most is the individual
decision to follow Jesus. Neither the church hierarchy, nor tradition, nor the
parents, nor the state can interfere in this matter. Only the individual person
should make the decision. The scripture reading for today is one of their best
used texts to support this position: "If we live, we live to the Lord; and
if we die, we die to the Lord. So, whether we live or die, we belong to the
Lord… You, then, why do you judge your brother? Or why do you look down on your
brother? For we will all stand before God’s judgment seat. It is written: 'As
surely as I live,' says the Lord, 'every knee will bow before me; every tongue
will confess to God.' So then, each of us will give an account of himself to
God."
In the
Baptist tradition, there is no such thing as group salvation. If anyone is
saved, he is saved not because of his great parents, friends or church, but
only because of his personal faith in Jesus Christ. This personal factor being
that critical, parents are expected to make every effort to help their children
to meet Jesus and make personal decisions to follow him; friends are expected
to diligently lead their friends to Christ and help them be saved; and every
church member is encouraged, or even forced, to make their personal commitment
to Christ and be saved. I think this is what we Methodists should learn from
our Baptist friends. We are too often negligent of fulfilling the Great
Commission of Jesus Christ: "Go and make disciples of all nations."
Let us not give our children or friends a wrong impression that unless they are
really bad, God will somehow save them. Instead, let us challenge them to come
to Christ, confess Him as their Savior and Lord, and make a personal decision
to follow Him.
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